Tang, S.-C., & Yang, J.-H. (2018). Dual effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on the skin. Molecules, 23(4), 863. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040863
Tier 2Peer-reviewed review
Supports the AHA exfoliation mechanism. Discusses AHAs at formulation strengths above what raw rapadura sugar delivers, so the page applies the mechanism, not the magnitude.
Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: Classifications, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135-142. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S9042
Tier 2Clinical review
Supports hydroxy-acid chemical exfoliation and surface cell turnover. Mechanism reference; raw cane sugar has not been tested as a finished topical.
Pazyar, N., Yaghoobi, R., Ghassemi, M. R., Kazerouni, A., Rafeie, E., & Jamshydian, N. (2013). Jojoba in dermatology: A succinct review. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia, 148(6), 687-691.
Tier 2Peer-reviewed review
Reviews jojoba's close similarity to human sebum, its non-comedogenic conditioning, and anti-inflammatory action. Review-level evidence, not a single large trial.
Evangelista, M. T. P., Abad-Casintahan, F., & Lopez-Villafuerte, L. (2014). The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis. International Journal of Dermatology, 53(1), 100-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12339
Tier 2Randomised controlled trial
Topical virgin coconut oil reduced transepidermal water loss and improved skin hydration versus mineral oil (mean SCORAD reduction 68% vs 38%). Population was paediatric atopic dermatitis, not the general body-skin user; cited for the barrier and hydration mechanism.
Verallo-Rowell, V. M., Dillague, K. M., & Syah-Tjundawan, B. S. (2008). Novel antibacterial and emollient effects of coconut and virgin olive oils in adult atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis, 19(6).
Tier 2Randomised controlled trial
Virgin coconut oil reduced Staphylococcus aureus colonisation and improved skin condition in adults with atopic dermatitis. Cited for coconut oil's emollient and skin-calming behaviour, not as a claim to treat any condition.