Katiyar, S. K., Afaq, F., Perez, A., & Mukhtar, H. (2001). Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment of human skin inhibits ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress. Carcinogenesis, 22(2), 287-294. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/22.2.287
Tier 2Controlled human skin study
Direct evidence that topical EGCG reduces UV-induced oxidative stress in human skin. Used a purified EGCG preparation, not a sugar scrub; cited for the antioxidant mechanism.
Chiu, A. E., Chan, J. L., Kern, D. G., Kohler, S., Rehmus, W. E., & Kimball, A. B. (2005). Double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of green tea extracts in the clinical and histologic appearance of photoaging skin. Dermatologic Surgery, 31(7 Pt 2), 855-860. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2005.31731
Tier 2Randomised controlled trial
Topical green tea cream improved elastic tissue in photoaged skin on histology, though visible clinical change was modest. Used a 10% green tea cream, a different format and dose to a scrub.
Scapagnini, G., Davinelli, S., Di Renzo, L., De Lorenzo, A., Olarte, H. H., Micali, G., Cicero, A. F., & Gonzalez, S. (2014). Cocoa bioactive compounds: Significance and potential for the maintenance of skin health. Nutrients, 6(8), 3202-3213. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6083202
Tier 2Peer-reviewed review
Reviews cocoa flavanols (epicatechin, catechin) as skin antioxidants. Much of the human data is oral cocoa intake; cited for the flavanol antioxidant mechanism, not as proof a scrub matches those results.
Tang, S.-C., & Yang, J.-H. (2018). Dual effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on the skin. Molecules, 23(4), 863. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040863
Tier 2Peer-reviewed review
Supports the AHA exfoliation mechanism. Discusses AHAs at formulation strengths above what raw rapadura sugar delivers, so the page applies the mechanism, not the magnitude.
Evangelista, M. T. P., Abad-Casintahan, F., & Lopez-Villafuerte, L. (2014). The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis. International Journal of Dermatology, 53(1), 100-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12339
Tier 2Randomised controlled trial
Topical virgin coconut oil reduced transepidermal water loss and improved skin hydration versus mineral oil (mean SCORAD reduction 68% vs 38%). Population was paediatric atopic dermatitis, not the general body-skin user; cited for the barrier and hydration mechanism.