Ghazizadeh, J., Sadigh-Eteghad, S., Marx, W., Fakhari, A., Hamedeyazdan, S., Torbati, M., Taheri-Tarighi, S., Araj-Khodaei, M., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2021). The effects of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) on depression and anxiety in clinical trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytotherapy Research, 35(12), 6690-6705. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7252
Tier 2Systematic review and meta-analysis
Pooled clinical trials found lemon balm improved anxiety and depression scores versus placebo. The strongest evidence is for calm/mood; we extend it to evening wind-down cautiously.
Kennedy, D. O., Scholey, A. B., Tildesley, N. T., Perry, E. K., & Wesnes, K. A. (2002). Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 72(4), 953-964. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00777-3
Tier 2Randomised controlled trial
A single dose of lemon balm improved calmness and mood in healthy adults. Used a standardised extract, so a teabag is gentler; cited for the calming mechanism.
European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. (2019). Althaeae radix (Marshmallow root). ESCOP Monographs (2nd ed., supplement). ESCOP.
Tier 1Phytotherapy monograph
Gold-standard monograph documenting marshmallow root's traditional demulcent (soothing) action on the throat and mucous membranes. Cited for the smooth, soothing character of the cup, a traditional use.
Hieu, T. H., Dibas, M., Surya Dila, K. A., Sherif, N. A., Hashmi, M. U., Mahmoud, M., Trang, N. T. T., Abdullah, L., Nghia, T. L. B., Y, M. N., Hoang-Trong, T., Tien Huy, N., Karimzadeh, S., Kamel, M. G., & Huy, N. T. (2019). Therapeutic efficacy and safety of chamomile for state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, and sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials and quasi-randomized trials. Phytotherapy Research, 33(6), 1604-1615. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6349
Tier 2Systematic review and meta-analysis
Pooled trials found chamomile improved anxiety and sleep quality. The included studies vary in form and dose; this supports research interest in chamomile for sleep, framed cautiously for a tea.