Amsterdam, J. D., Li, Y., Soeller, I., Rockwell, K., Mao, J. J., & Shults, J. (2009). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(4), 378-382. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181ac935c
Tier 2Randomised controlled trial
Chamomile extract reduced generalised anxiety symptoms versus placebo over 8 weeks. Used a standardised extract, not tea, so cited for the calming mechanism behind a soothing ritual, not as proof a teabag treats anything.
Mao, J. J., Xie, S. X., Keefe, J. R., Soeller, I., Li, Q. S., & Amsterdam, J. D. (2016). Long-term chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized clinical trial. Phytomedicine, 23(14), 1735-1742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2016.10.012
Tier 2Randomised controlled trial (n=179)
Chamomile was safe and reduced anxiety symptoms over the long term. Used 1500 mg of chamomile EXTRACT daily (far more concentrated than a cup of tea), so we cite this for the ingredient's researched calming mechanism, not as proof a teabag matches that dose.
European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. (2019). Althaeae radix (Marshmallow root). ESCOP Monographs (2nd ed., supplement). ESCOP.
Tier 1Phytotherapy monograph
Gold-standard monograph documenting marshmallow root's traditional demulcent (soothing) action on the throat and mucous membranes. Cited for the smooth, soothing character of the cup, a traditional use.
European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. (2016). European Union herbal monograph on Althaea officinalis L., radix (EMA/HMPC/436679/2015). European Medicines Agency.
Tier 1Regulatory herbal monograph
Regulatory monograph confirming marshmallow root's traditional use as a demulcent to soothe the throat, mouth and mild digestive-tract irritation. A gold-standard traditional-use reference.